ES242. Data Structures and Algorithms I. Week 03 Lab

ES242. Data Structures and Algorithms I.

Lab 03

Theme: Stacks

Problem 1. Linked Lists

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

int main()
{
  //node structure
  struct node
  {
      int data;
      struct node *next;
  };

  //declaring nodes
  struct node *head,*middle,*last;

  //allocating memory for each node
  head   = malloc(sizeof(struct node));
  middle = malloc(sizeof(struct node));
  last   = malloc(sizeof(struct node));

  //assigning values to each node
  head->data   = 10;
  middle->data = 20;
  last->data   = 30;

  //connecting each nodes. head->middle->last
  head->next   = middle;
  middle->next = last;
  last->next   = NULL;

  //temp is a reference for head pointer.
  struct node *temp = head;

  //till the node becomes null, printing each nodes data
  while(temp != NULL)
  {
      printf("%d->",temp->data);
      temp = temp->next;
  }
  printf("NULL");

  return 0;
}

Extend the code above to perform the following tasks:

Read a sequence of n numbers from the input, \(p_1, \ldots, p_n\).
Insert each of these number at a location where the linked list is still sorted when read from beginning to end.
For any given input \(i\), output the number in the linked list that comes before the number \(i\).

Input

The first line contains a positive integer n. The second line contains n space-separated integers. The third line contains a positive integer m.

Output

Output the number that comes before m in the linked list. It is guaranteed that m is one of the numbers from the second line. If the number happens to be the first element of the list, return -1.

Problem 2. Parentheses

You are given a string consisting of parentheses ( and ). A string of this type is said to be correct:

if it is the empty string
if A and B are correct, AB is correct.
if A is correct, (A) is correct.

Write a program that takes a sequence of strings of this of type and check their correctness.

Your program can assume that the maximum string length is 128.

Input

The first line of the input is a positive integer n, the number of tests. The next n lines consist of one test case each. Each test case is a string made of the parentheses ().

Output

The output should consist of n lines, one for each test. The i-th line of the ouptut should be Yes if the the string in the i-th test case is correct, and No otherwise.

Sample I/O

Sample Input

5
(
(((
()()
)
)))

Sample Output

No
No
Yes
No
No

Problem 3. Challenge the Parentheses Solution

Consider the following algorithm for the previous problem:

If the first character is not ( return FALSE
If the last character is not ) return FALSE
Initialize i = 0
For j in s:
    if j == "(":
        i++
    else:
        i--
if i != 0 return FALSE
else return TRUE

Provide an input for which the algorithm above does not work. Your input should be a single line consisting of a string that has ( and ) characters only.

Problem 4. Print Alternate Cards

Add a set of cards to a stack and print all the cards in odd-numbered positions of the stack.

I/O Format

The first line contains a number n, the number of cards in the stack. The next n lines contain two numbers. The first number b indicates if the card is to be added on the top (b=0) or at the bottom (b=1). The second number indicates the card’s value, an integer between 1 and 52.

The output should the list of alternating cards from bottom to top (i.e, starting at the card pointed to by the first pointer). If there are an even number of cards, note that the last card on the stack does not get printed.

Adding a card on the top can be done by using pushBack, while adding it at the bottom pushFront.

Sample I/O

Sample Input

Sample Output

5
1
4

The Cardstack Data Structure

Note

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct s_card {
  int cardvalue;
  struct s_card *next;
  struct s_card *prev;
} t_card;

typedef struct s_cardstack {
  struct s_card *first;
  struct s_card *last;
} t_cardstack;

t_cardstack *cardstackInit() {
  t_cardstack *cardstack;
  cardstack = malloc(sizeof(t_cardstack));
  cardstack->first = NULL;
  cardstack->last = NULL;
  return cardstack;
}

int isEmpty(t_cardstack *cardstack) { return !cardstack->first; }

void pushFront(t_cardstack *cardstack, int cardvalue) {
  t_card *node = malloc(sizeof(t_card));
  node->cardvalue = cardvalue;
  node->prev = NULL;
  node->next = cardstack->first;
  if (isEmpty(cardstack))
    cardstack->last = node;
  else
    cardstack->first->prev = node;
  cardstack->first = node;
}

void pushBack(t_cardstack *cardstack, int cardvalue) {
  t_card *node = malloc(sizeof(t_card));
  node->cardvalue = cardvalue;
  node->prev = cardstack->last;
  node->next = NULL;
  if (isEmpty(cardstack))
    cardstack->first = node;
  else
    cardstack->last->next = node;
  cardstack->last = node;
}

int popFront(t_cardstack *cardstack) {
  t_card *node;
  int cardvalue;
  if (isEmpty(cardstack))
    return -1;
  node = cardstack->first;
  cardstack->first = node->next;
  if (!cardstack->first)
    cardstack->last = NULL;
  else
    cardstack->first->prev = NULL;
  cardvalue = node->cardvalue;
  free(node);
  return cardvalue;
}

int popBack(t_cardstack *cardstack) {
  t_card *node;
  int cardvalue;
  if (isEmpty(cardstack))
    return -1;
  node = cardstack->last;
  cardstack->last = node->prev;
  if (!cardstack->last)
    cardstack->first = NULL;
  else
    cardstack->last->next = NULL;
  cardvalue = node->cardvalue;
  free(node);
  return cardvalue;
}

int peekFront(t_cardstack *cardstack) {
  if (isEmpty(cardstack))
    return -1;
  return cardstack->first->cardvalue;
}

int peekBack(t_cardstack *cardstack) {
  if (isEmpty(cardstack))
    return -1;
  return cardstack->last->cardvalue;
}

void *fronttoback(t_cardstack *cardstack) {
  if (isEmpty(cardstack))
    return NULL;
  t_card *currpointer = cardstack->last;
  while (currpointer) {
    printf("%d\n", currpointer->cardvalue);
    currpointer = currpointer->prev;
  }
}

int main() { 
  t_cardstack *ms;
  // Remember to initialize!
  return 0; 
}

List of Practice Problems

Compilers - a slight adaptation of the second problem in this lab.
Alternating Current - try to come up with a characterization of when the wires can be untangled in terms of the symbols.
Largest Rectangle in a Histogram - a fun problem. See if you can make use of the cardstack!